|
Conversion Tables
Volume Conversion Tables
| Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
| acre-feet |
43,560 |
cu. feet |
cubic meters |
1,057 |
quarts (US liq.) |
| acre-feet |
325,900 |
gallons |
cubic yards |
46,656 |
cubic inches |
| bushels |
35.24 |
liters |
cubic yards |
0.7646 |
cubic meters |
| bushels |
4 |
pecks | cubic yards
0.7646 |
cubic meters |
| cubic centimeters |
3.53E-05 |
cu. feet |
cubic yards |
202 |
gallons (US liq.) |
| cubic centimeters |
0.06102374 |
cu. inches |
cubic yards |
764.6 |
liters |
| cubic centimeters |
2.64E-04 |
gallon (US liq.) |
cups |
236.588 |
cubic cm |
| cubic centimeters |
0.002113 |
pint (US liq.) |
gallons |
3,785.412 |
cubic cm |
| cubic centimeters |
0.001057 |
quart (US liq.) |
gallons |
0.1337 |
cubic feet |
| cubic feet |
28,320 |
cu. cm |
gallons |
231 |
cu. inches |
| cubic feet |
1,728 |
cu. inches |
gallons |
0.004951 |
cu. yards |
| cubic feet |
0.02832 |
cu. meters |
Pounds |
0.45 |
Kgs |
| cubic feet |
0.03703704 |
cu. yards |
gallons |
3.785 |
liters |
| cubic feet |
7.48052 |
gallons (US liq.) |
gallons (liq. British imp.) |
1.20095 |
gallons (US liq.) |
| cubic feet |
28.32 |
liters |
gallons (US) |
0.83267 |
gallons (imp.) |
| cubic feet |
59.84 |
pints (US liq.) |
liters |
0.03531 |
cu. feet |
| cubic feet |
29.92 |
quarts (US liq) |
liters |
61.02 |
cu. inches |
| cubic inches |
16.39 |
cu. cm |
liters |
0.2642 |
gallons (US liq.) |
| cubic inches |
0.0005787 |
cu. feet |
liters |
2.113 |
pints (US liq.) |
| cubic inches |
1.64E-05 |
cu. meters |
liters |
1.057 |
quarts (US liq.) |
| cubic inches |
2.14E-05 |
cubic yards |
ounces (fluid) |
1.805 |
cu. inches |
| cubic inches |
0.004329 |
gallons |
ounces (fluid) |
0.02957 |
liters |
| cubic inches |
0.03463 |
pints (US liq.) |
pecks (US) |
0.25 |
bushels |
| cubic inches |
0.01732 |
quarts (US liq.) |
pints (US dry) |
0.5506105 |
liters |
| cubic meters |
35.31 |
cubic feet |
pints (US liquid) |
0.4731765 |
liters |
| cubic meters |
61,023 |
cubic inches |
quarts (dry) |
67.2 |
cu. inches |
| cubic meters |
1.307951 |
cubic yards |
quarts (liquid) |
0.03342 |
cu. feet |
| cubic meters |
264.2 |
gallons (US liq.) |
quarts (liquid) |
57.75 |
cu. inches |
| cubic meters |
2,113 |
pints (US liq.) |
quarts (liquid) |
0.9463 |
liters |
| teaspoons (US) |
4.93 |
milliliters |
tablespoons (US) |
14.79 |
milliliters |
Length Conversion Tables
| Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
| angstroms |
3.94E-06 |
inches |
inches |
0.00001578 |
miles |
miles (statute) |
1.609 |
kilometers |
| centimeters |
0.03281 |
feet |
inches |
25.4 |
millimeters |
miles (statute) |
1,609 |
meters |
| centimeters |
0.3937 |
inches |
inches |
1,000 |
mils |
miles (statute) |
0.8684 |
miles (nautical) |
| centimeters |
393.7 |
mils |
inches |
0.02777778 |
yards |
miles (statute) |
1,760 |
yards |
| centimeters |
0.01094 |
yards |
kilometers |
3280.84 |
feet |
millimeters |
3.28E-03 |
feet |
| fathoms |
1.828804 |
meter |
kilometers |
3.94E+04 |
inches |
millimeters |
0.03937 |
inches |
| fathoms |
6 |
feet |
kilometers |
0.6214 |
miles |
millimeters |
39.37 |
mils |
| feet |
30.48 |
centimeters |
kilometers |
1.00E+06 |
millimeters |
mils |
2.54E-03 |
centimeters |
| feet |
0.0003048 |
kilometers |
kilometers |
1,094 |
yards |
mils |
0.001 |
inches |
| feet |
0.3048 |
meters |
leagues |
3 |
miles (approx.) |
rods |
5.029 |
meters |
| feet |
0.0001645 |
miles (naut.) |
meters |
3.281 |
feet |
rods |
16.5 |
feet |
| feet |
0.0001894 |
miles (stat.) |
meters |
39.37 |
inches |
spans |
9 |
inches |
| feet |
304.8 |
millimeters |
meters |
5.40E-04 |
miles (nautical) |
yards |
91.44 |
centimeters |
| feet |
12,000 |
mils |
meters |
6.21E-04 |
miles (statute) |
yards |
9.14E-04 |
kilometers |
| furlongs |
0.125 |
miles (US) |
meters |
1.094 |
yards |
yards |
0.9144 |
meters |
| furlongs |
660 |
feet |
miles (nautical) |
6080.27 |
feet |
yards |
4.93E-04 |
miles (nautical) |
| inches |
2.54 |
centimeters |
miles (nautical) |
1.853 |
kilometers |
yards |
5.68E-04 |
miles (statute) |
| inches |
0.08333333 |
feet |
miles (statute) |
5280 |
feet |
yards |
914.4 |
millimeters |
| inches |
0.0254 |
meters |
miles (statute) |
6.34E+04 |
inches |
Flowrate Conversion Tables
| Multiply |
By |
To Obtain |
| cubic feet/min |
472 |
mL/sec |
| cubic feet/min |
0.125 |
gallons/sec |
| cubic feet/min |
28.31 |
liters/min |
| cubic feet/min |
1.699 |
m3/hr |
| cubic feet/min |
0.1247l |
gallons/sec |
| cubic feet/min |
0.472 |
liters/sec |
| cubic feet/min |
62.43 |
lbs of water/min |
| cubic feet/min |
4.72E-04 |
m3/s |
| cubic feet/sec |
0.646317 |
million gallons/day |
| cubic feet/sec |
448.831 |
gallons/min |
| cubic feet/sec |
0.0283168 |
m3/s |
| cubic meter/min |
0.0166667 |
m3/s |
| cubic meters/day |
264.172 |
gallons/day |
| cubic meters/day |
0.0002642 |
million gallons/day |
| cubic meters/sec |
35.3147 |
cu.ft./sec |
| cubic meters/sec |
22.8245 |
million gallons/day |
| cubic meters/sec |
15,850.3 |
gallons/min |
| gallons/day |
4.38E-08 |
m3/s |
| gallons/hr |
63.1 |
mL/min |
| gallons/hr |
0.134 |
cu.ft./hr |
| gallons/min |
0.002228 |
cu.ft./sec |
| gallons/min |
0.06308 |
liters/sec |
| gallons/min |
8.0208 |
cu.ft./hr |
| gallons/min |
0.227 |
m3/hr |
| gallons/min |
3.785 |
liters/minl |
| gallons/min |
6.31E-05 |
m3/s |
| liters/hour |
2.78E-07 |
m3/s |
| liters/min |
1.67E-05 |
m3/s |
| liters/min |
5.89E-04 |
cu.ft./sec |
| liters/min |
4.40E-03 |
gallons/sec |
| liters/sec |
22,824.5 |
gallons/day |
| liters/sec |
0.0228 |
million gallons/day |
| million gallons/day |
1.54723 |
cu.ft./sec |
| million gallons/day |
659.4 |
gallons/min |
| oz/min |
29.57 |
mL/min |
| Change |
to |
Multiply By |
| Fahrenheit |
Celsius |
-32 & x 0.5556 |
| Celsius |
Fahrenheit |
x 1.8 & +32 |
It is difficult to "eyeball" the amount of water passing through a pump, biofilter, or waterfall. Because these flow rates are often critical to the well-being of a pond, it becomes necessary to accurately measure these quantities. By measuring the amount ot time required to fill a five gallon bucket, an accurate flow figure can be established.
The following table shows the correlation betweeen the amount of time required to fill a five gallon bucket and the total Gallons Per Minute (GPM) and Gallons Per Hour (GPH) figures.
| Secs |
Gals/Min |
Gals/Hr |
| 1 |
300 |
18,000 |
| 2 |
150 |
9,000 |
| 3 |
100 |
6,000 |
| 4 |
75 |
4,500 |
| 5 |
60 |
3,600 |
| 6 |
50 |
3,000 |
| 7 |
43 |
2,570 |
| 8 |
37.5 |
2,250 |
| 9 |
33.3 |
2,000 |
| 10 |
30 |
1,800 |
| 15 |
20 |
1,200 |
| 20 |
15 |
900 |
| 25 |
12 |
720 |
| 30 |
10 |
600 |
| 35 |
8.6 |
515 |
| 40 |
7.5 |
450 |
| 45 |
6.7 |
400 |
| 50 |
6 |
360 |
| 55 |
5.5 |
325 |
| 60 |
5 |
300 |
| 70 |
4.3 |
257 |
| 80 |
3.75 |
225 |
| 90 |
3.33 |
200 |
| 100 |
3 |
180 |
| 150 |
2 |
120 |
| 200 |
1.5 |
90 |
| 300 |
1 |
60 |
Common Area formulas
| Square = length times width |
| Rectangle = same as square |
| Circle = pi times twice radius |
| Triangle = one half of base times height |
| Pi= 3.14 |
Conversion for Various Volumes to Attain One Part Per Million
| Amount active ingredient |
Unit of volume |
Parts per million |
| 2.71 pounds |
acre-foot |
1 ppm |
| 1.235 grams |
acre-foot |
1 ppm |
| 1.24 kilograms |
acre-foot |
1 ppm |
| 0.0283 grams |
cubic foot |
1 ppm |
| 1 milligram |
liter |
1 ppm |
| 8.34 pounds |
million gallons |
1 ppm |
| 1 gram |
cubic meter |
1 ppm |
| 0.0038 grams |
gallon |
1 ppm |
| 3.8 grams |
thousand gallons |
1 ppm |
Useful Conversion Factors (volumes refer to water)
| 1 acre |
= 43,560 square feet
= 4,840 square yards
(circular) = 235,4 feet (diameter)
(square) = 208,71 feet/side |
| 1 acre-foot (1 acre–1 foot deep) |
= 43,560 cubic feet
= 325,850 gallons
= 2,718,144 pounds |
| 1 cubic foot |
= 7.48 gallons
= 1,728 cubic inches
= 62.43 pounds |
| 1 gallon |
= 8.34 pounds |
| 1 quart |
= 4 cups
= 32 fluid ounces |
| 1 pint |
= 2 cups
= 16 fluid ounces |
| 1 cup |
= 8 fluid ounces
= 8.344 ounces |
| 1 fluid ounce |
= 1.043 ounces |
Conversions in Length
|
|
To |
| From |
Inches
(in) |
Feet
(ft) |
Yard
(yd) |
centimeter
(cm) |
Meter
(m) |
| in |
1 |
0.0833 |
0.0278 |
2.540 |
0.0254 |
| ft |
12 |
1 |
0.3333 |
30.48 |
0.3048 |
| yd |
36 |
3 |
1 |
91.44 |
0.9144 |
| cm |
0.3937 |
0.0328 |
0.0109 |
1 |
100 |
| m |
39.37 |
3.281 |
1.0936 |
100 |
1 |
Conversions in Weight
|
|
To |
| From |
Ounce
(oz) |
Pound
(lb) |
gram
(g) |
kilogram
(kg) |
| oz |
1 |
0.0625 |
28.35 |
0.0284 |
| lb |
16 |
1 |
453.6 |
0.4536 |
| g |
0.0353 |
0.0022 |
1 |
0.OO1 |
| kg |
35.27 |
2.205 |
1000 |
1 |
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|
Amount of Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) in Pure Water
at Different Water Temperatures (at sea level)
| Temperature (F) |
Approximate PPM |
| 35° |
13.4 |
| 40° |
12.7 |
| 45° |
11.8 |
| 50° |
10.9 |
| 55° |
10.2 |
| 60° |
9.7 |
| 65° |
9.2 |
| 70° |
8.7 |
| 75° |
8.3 |
| 80° |
7.9 |
Temperature
| Celsius (º C) |
Fahrenheit (º F) |
|
Celsius (º C) |
Fahrenheit (º F) |
| 0 |
32 |
|
18 |
64.4 |
| 1 |
33.8 |
|
19 |
66.2 |
| 2 |
35.6 |
|
20 |
68 |
| 3 |
37.4 |
|
21 |
69.8 |
| 4 |
39.2 |
|
22 |
71.6 |
| 5 |
41 |
|
23 |
73.4 |
| 6 |
42.8 |
|
24 |
75.2 |
| 7 |
44.6 |
|
25 |
77 |
| 8 |
46.4 |
|
26 |
78.8 |
| 9 |
48.2 |
|
27 |
80.6 |
| 10 |
50 |
|
28 |
82.4 |
| 11 |
51.8 |
|
29 |
84.2 |
| 12 |
53.6 |
|
30 |
86 |
| 13 |
55.4 |
|
31 |
87.8 |
| 14 |
57.2 |
|
32 |
89.6 |
| 15 |
59 |
|
33 |
91.4 |
| 16 |
60.8 |
|
34 |
93.2 |
| 17 |
62.6 |
|
35 |
95 |
Feet and Meters Conversion Tables
| 1 foot |
= |
0.305 meter |
| 1 meter |
= |
3.28 feet |
| 1 sq. foot |
= |
0.093 meter |
| 1 sq. meter |
= |
10.76 sq. feet |
| 1 cu. foot |
= |
0.028 meter |
| 1 cu. meter |
= |
35.32 cu. feet |
Inches and Centimeters
| 1 inch |
= |
2.54 cm |
| 1 cm |
= |
0.394 inch |
| 1 sq. inch |
= |
6.452 sq. cm |
| 1 sq. cm |
= |
0.1555 sq. inch |
| 1 cu. inch |
= |
16.387 cu. cm |
| 1 cu. cm |
= |
0.061 cu. inch |
Converting from one unit of measure to another
within the metric system is much easier than converting
within the English system. The table below shows
the most common conversion factors.
Metric Units
| When you have an
amount in these units: |
Multiply by
this number: |
To get the equivalent
in the units below: |
| milligrams (mg) |
1000 |
micrograms (μg) |
| grams (g) |
1000 |
milligrams (mg) |
| kilograms (kg) |
1000 |
grams (g) |
| cubic meters (m3) |
1000 |
liters (L or l) |
| microgram per Liter (μg/L) |
1 |
milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) |
Note that the value of each metric conversion factor is indicated by the
prefixes used:
- * Milli means “one-thousandth,”
- * Micro means “one-millionth,”
- * Kilo means “one thousand.”
Ounces, Grams, Pounds, Kilograms
| 1 oz |
= |
28.35 grams |
| 1 gram |
= |
0.035 oz |
| 1 lb |
= |
16 oz |
| 1 lb |
= |
0.454 kilograms |
| 1 kilogram |
= |
2.2 lbs |
Composition of Dry Air at Sea Level
| Component |
% by Volume |
% by Weight
|
| Nitrogen |
78.084 |
75.5 |
| Oxygen |
20.946 |
23.2 |
| Argon |
.934 |
1.33 |
| Carbon Dioxide |
.035 |
.049 |
Molecular weight: 28.975 lbs/mol
Specific volume at 70ºF and 1 atm: 13.346 ft3/lb (.8333 m3/kg)
Specific gravity (gas): 1.000
Density at 70ºF and 1 atm: .07492 lb/ft3
Properties of Water
| Density Of |
Fresh Water |
Density Of |
Sea Water |
Density Of |
Ice |
| Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ Ft3 |
Temp (ºF) |
Lbs per Cubic Foot |
Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ Ft3 |
| 32 |
62.410 |
30 |
64.250 |
-50 |
57.670 |
| 40 |
62.418 |
40 |
64.200 |
-40 |
57.625 |
| 50 |
62.401 |
50 |
64.170 |
-30 |
57.600 |
| 60 |
62.358 |
60 |
64.100 |
-20 |
57.582 |
| 70 |
62.293 |
70 |
64.020 |
-10 |
57.541 |
| 80 |
62.208 |
80 |
63.950 |
0 |
57.105 |
| 90 |
62.105 |
90 |
63.800 |
10 |
57.490 |
| 100 |
61.986 |
100 |
63.700 |
20 |
57.455 |
Saturated Vapor Pressure of Fresh Water
| Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ In2 |
Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ In2 |
| 32 |
.089 |
70 |
.363 |
| 40 |
.122 |
80 |
.507 |
| 50 |
.178 |
90 |
.698 |
| 60 |
.256 |
100 |
.950 |
Density of Air (1 atm)
| Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ Ft3 |
Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ Ft3 |
| -10 |
.088 |
50 |
.078 |
| 0 |
.086 |
60 |
.076 |
| 10 |
.085 |
70 |
.075 |
| 20 |
.083 |
80 |
.074 |
| 30 |
.081 |
90 |
.072 |
| 40 |
.079 |
100 |
.071 |
Properties of Pure Oxygen
One gallon liquid oxygen ≅ 115 ft3 gas
One liter liquid oxygen ≅ .86 m3 gas
1 lb liquid oxygen ≅ 12.1 ft3 (gas)
1 lb liquid oxygen ≅ 342 liters (gas)
1 cu.ft = 28.3 liters
Gas Phase
Specific volume at 70ºF and 1 atm: 12.08 ft3/lb (.7513 m3/kg)
Density at 70ºF and 1 atm: .0828 lb/ft3
Specific gravity: 1.1
Liquid Phase
Specific volume: .105 gal/lb (.877 L/kg)
Density: 9.52 lbs/gal (1.141 kg/L)
Saturated Vapor Pressure of Fresh Water
| Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ In2 |
Temp (ºF) |
Lbs/ In2 |
| 32 |
.089 |
70 |
.363 |
| 40 |
122 |
80 |
.507 |
| 50 |
.178 |
90 |
.698 |
| 60 |
.256 |
100 |
.950 |
The ability of water to hold oxygen is a direct function of temperature. Briefly stated, cold water is capable of holding more oxygen than warm water. The table below shows this relationship.
Oxygen Solubility As A Function Of Temperature
| C° |
F° |
O2 ppm |
| 0 |
32.0 |
14.6 |
| 1 |
33.8 |
14.2 |
| 2 |
34.8 |
13.8 |
| 3 |
37.4 |
13.5 |
| 4 |
39.2 |
13.1 |
| 5 |
41.0 |
12.8 |
| 6 |
42.8 |
12.5 |
| 7 |
44.6 |
12.2 |
| 8 |
46.4 |
11.9 |
| 9 |
48.2 |
11.6 |
| 10 |
50.0 |
11.3 |
| 11 |
51.8 |
11.0 |
| 12 |
53.6 |
10.8 |
| 13 |
55.4 |
10.6 |
| 14 |
57.2 |
10.3 |
| 15 |
59.0 |
10.1 |
| 16 |
60.8 |
9.9 |
| 17 |
62.6 |
9.7 |
| 18 |
64.4 |
9.5 |
| 19 |
66.2 |
9.3 |
| 20 |
68.0 |
9.1 |
| 21 |
69.8 |
8.9 |
| 22 |
71.6 |
8.7 |
| 23 |
73.4 |
8.6 |
| 24 |
75.2 |
8.4 |
| 25 |
77.0 |
8.2 |
| 26 |
78.8 |
8.1 |
| 27 |
80.6 |
8.0 |
| 28 |
83.4 |
7.8 |
| 29 |
84.2 |
7.7 |
| 30 |
86.0 |
7.5 |
| 31 |
87.8 |
7.4 |
| 32 |
89.6 |
7.3 |
| 33 |
91.4 |
7.2 |
| 34 |
93.2 |
7.1 |
| 35 |
95.0 |
6.9 |
| 36 |
96.8 |
6.8 |
| 37 |
98.6 |
6.7 |
| 38 |
100.4 |
6.6 |
| 39 |
102.2 |
6.5 |
| 40 |
104.0 |
6.4 |
Note: The chart above assumes standard sea level barometric conditions and a water sample containing not more than 0.1% salinity with normal KH/GH/pH values.
|
